ENERGY
Nuclear PPAs, data-centre megawatts, grid constraints, utility deals
11 cards on 6 tables, each drawn live from the table. Tables built 1 November 2026.
What electricity costs
The US retail price of electricity, by month
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, US, by sector.
Source and method
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, US, by sector. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
How it is sourced: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, US, by sector. US public domain, EIA attribution
Unit: cents per kilowatt-hour
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, US, by sector. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
The household price, by state
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, residential, by state.
Source and method
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, residential, by state. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
How it is sourced: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, residential, by state. US public domain, EIA attribution
Unit: cents per kilowatt-hour
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Household prices each July in the five states with the most tracked megawatts
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, residential, by state.
Source and method
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, residential, by state. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
How it is sourced: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, residential, by state. US public domain, EIA attribution
Unit: cents per kilowatt-hour
OPEN ARTICLEThe rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
The household price in the states where the sites are
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file; U.S. Energy Information Administration for the state prices. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file (https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_centers.csv); U.S. Energy Information Administration for the state prices. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), the data centres file; figures are Epoch's estimates, named as theirs. State prices: Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Unit: MW; H100 equivalents; cents per kilowatt-hour
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Where the data centres are
AI data centres Epoch AI tracks: power and compute
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file (https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_centers.csv). Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), the data centres file; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: MW; H100 equivalents
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
US sites by state
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file; U.S. Energy Information Administration for the state prices. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file (https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_centers.csv); U.S. Energy Information Administration for the state prices. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), the data centres file; figures are Epoch's estimates, named as theirs. State prices: Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Unit: MW; H100 equivalents; cents per kilowatt-hour
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
The largest AI data centres Epoch AI tracks in the United States
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file (https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_centers.csv). Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), the data centres file; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: MW; H100 equivalents
OPEN ARTICLEThe rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
The four largest owners among the sites Epoch AI tracks
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file (https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_centers.csv). Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), the data centres file; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: MW; H100 equivalents
OPEN ARTICLEThe rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
What the technology costs, and what the grid emits
Energy technology cost curves
Source: Our World in Data https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json; https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Our World in Data: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json; https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Our World in Data, CC BY 4.0, with each chart's own citation. Each chart's own citation is on its page: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json; https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json. Citation as the record carries it: Rupert Way (2026) based on Ziegler and Trancik (2021), BloombergNEF, and Avicenne Energy; IRENA (2025); Nemet (2009); Farmer and Lafond (2016). Figures are theirs, named as theirs.
Unit: Lithium-ion battery cells: constant 2024 US$ per kilowatt-hour; Solar PV modules: constant 2025 US$ per watt
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
What a kilowatt-hour of electricity emits, 2000 to 2025
Source: Our World in Data https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Our World in Data: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Our World in Data, CC BY 4.0, with each chart's own citation. Each chart's own citation is on its page: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json. Citation as the record carries it: Ember (2026). Figures are theirs, named as theirs.
Unit: grams of CO₂ equivalents per kilowatt-hour
OPEN ARTICLEThe rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
The data behind it: the 6 tables this dashboard reads, their sources and their dates
US retail price of electricity
The US average retail price of electricity to ultimate customers, 307 periods (monthly) from 2001-01 to 2026-07 for 5 sectors, 1535 rows. 24 prices are NULL. 24 prices (Transportation, 2001-01 to 2002-12) read exactly 0 in the record and are NULL here: a 0 is no figure, never a zero.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, US, by sector. Licence and standing: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, US, by sector. US public domain, EIA attribution
One row is one row per period and sector; 1535 rows; unit: cents per kilowatt-hour. Built from: eia-retail-price/by-sector, collected 9 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
US residential price of electricity, by state
The average retail price of electricity to residential customers in each of 51 states (fifty and the District of Columbia), monthly from 2001-01 to 2026-07, 15657 rows. 2 prices are NULL. 0 prices read exactly 0 in the record and are NULL here: a 0 is no figure, never a zero.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, residential, by state. Licence and standing: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity Data Browser / API v2, retail sales: average price, residential, by state. US public domain, EIA attribution
One row is one row per state and month; 15657 rows; unit: cents per kilowatt-hour. Built from: eia-retail-price-state/by-state, collected 9 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
US AI data centres, by state, with the state's household price
The 77 United States data centres in Epoch AI's file. 74 are placed in a state: 67 from Epoch's own address, 3 named for a state, 4 read by the desk from a city or county in the site's name (621 MW between them); 3 have no state because neither fixes one (105 MW). 28 states have a site. 17 US sites' current power figures (MW) read exactly 0 in the record and are NULL here: a 0 is no figure, never a zero. 17 US sites' current compute figures (H100 equivalents) read exactly 0 in the record and are NULL here: a 0 is no figure, never a zero. Each row also carries its state's residential price of electricity for July 2020 and July 2026, copied from the state price table.
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file (https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_centers.csv); U.S. Energy Information Administration for the state prices. Licence and standing: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), the data centres file; figures are Epoch's estimates, named as theirs. State prices: Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per United States data centre; 77 rows; unit: MW; H100 equivalents; cents per kilowatt-hour. Built from: eia-retail-price-state/by-state, collected 9 October 2026; epoch/data-centers, collected 19 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
AI data centres: power and compute
94 data centres in Epoch AI's file across 12 countries and 20 named owners, each with its current power in MW and its current compute in H100 equivalents. 20 sites' current power figures (MW) read exactly 0 in the record and are NULL here: a 0 is no figure, never a zero. 20 sites' current compute figures (H100 equivalents) read exactly 0 in the record and are NULL here: a 0 is no figure, never a zero. 9 have no owner, 24 no users and 75 no energy company given, and read NULL.
Source: Epoch AI, the data centres file (https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_centers.csv). Licence and standing: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), the data centres file; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per data centre; 94 rows; unit: MW; H100 equivalents. Built from: epoch/data-centers, collected 19 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
Energy technology cost curves
Two published price series, 84 rows: Lithium-ion battery cells, 34 years (1991 to 2024); Solar PV modules, 50 years (1975 to 2024). Units: Lithium-ion battery cells: constant 2024 US$ per kilowatt-hour; Solar PV modules: constant 2025 US$ per watt. The two series are drawn on separate charts and never put on one axis. 0 values are NULL.
Source: Our World in Data: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json; https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json. Licence and standing: Our World in Data, CC BY 4.0, with each chart's own citation. Each chart's own citation is on its page: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json; https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json. Citation as the record carries it: Rupert Way (2026) based on Ziegler and Trancik (2021), BloombergNEF, and Avicenne Energy; IRENA (2025); Nemet (2009); Farmer and Lafond (2016). Figures are theirs, named as theirs. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per series, entity and year; 84 rows; unit: Lithium-ion battery cells: constant 2024 US$ per kilowatt-hour; Solar PV modules: constant 2025 US$ per watt. Built from: owid/battery-cell-prices, collected 9 October 2026; owid/solar-module-prices, collected 9 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
Carbon intensity of electricity
The carbon intensity of electricity for 238 entities, 1990 to 2025, 6332 rows, as Our World in Data publishes it. 12 entities are regions or groups with no code and read NULL in Code. 0 values are NULL.
Source: Our World in Data: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json. Licence and standing: Our World in Data, CC BY 4.0, with each chart's own citation. Each chart's own citation is on its page: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/price-of-lithium-ion-battery-cells.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/solar-pv-prices.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-of-sequencing-a-full-human-genome.metadata.json https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.csv https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity.metadata.json. Citation as the record carries it: Ember (2026). Figures are theirs, named as theirs. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per entity and year; 6332 rows; unit: grams of CO₂ equivalents per kilowatt-hour. Built from: owid/carbon-intensity-electricity, collected 9 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
Interlinked pieces that use these tables
