TECHNOLOGY
Frontier releases, open and closed weights, benchmarks
7 cards on 3 tables, each drawn live from the table. Tables built 1 November 2026.
What is released
Notable AI models by year, and how open they are
Source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), Notable AI Models; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: models
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Frontier models: training compute
Source: Epoch AI, Frontier AI Models. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, Frontier AI Models. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), Frontier AI Models; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: log10 FLOP
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Who releases
The board: frontier models by organisation
Source: Epoch AI, Frontier AI Models. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, Frontier AI Models. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), Frontier AI Models; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: log10 FLOP
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
The board: notable models by country
Source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), Notable AI Models; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: models
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Where models are trained
Models by training cloud vendor
Source: Epoch AI, All AI Models. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, All AI Models. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), All AI Models; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: models
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
Models by training data centre
Source: Epoch AI, All AI Models. Licence: CC BY 4.0.
Source and method
Source: Epoch AI, All AI Models. Adapted by Token Runner: filtered and added up for this chart. The table, its licence and its date
Whose figures: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), All AI Models; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs.
Unit: models
The rows
Read from the same data file as the chart when this is opened.
The data behind it: the 3 tables this dashboard reads, their sources and their dates
Notable AI models: accessibility over time
The 1078 models Epoch AI lists as notable, one row per model, published 1950-07-02 to 2026-09-30. 827 of 1078 carry one of 7 accessibility labels; the other 251 read NULL.
Source: Epoch AI, Notable AI Models. Licence and standing: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), Notable AI Models; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per model; 1078 rows; unit: models. Built from: epoch/notable-ai-models, collected 19 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
Frontier AI models: the release tape
The 138 models Epoch AI lists as frontier models, one row per model, published 1950-07-02 to 2026-09-03. 127 of 138 carry a training compute figure and 75 of 138 carry an accessibility label; the rest read NULL.
Source: Epoch AI, Frontier AI Models. Licence and standing: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), Frontier AI Models; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per model; 138 rows; unit: log10 FLOP. Built from: epoch/frontier-ai-models, collected 19 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
Where AI models are trained
Coverage is sparse: of the 3627 models in Epoch AI's file, 68 fill the training data centre cell and 54 name a training cloud vendor; 100 fill at least one and are the rows here (22 fill both), published 2019-02-09 to 2026-04-05. The other 3527 models say nothing about a site and are not in this table. The data centre cell is free text (36 different entries) and some entries are notes rather than site names.
Source: Epoch AI, All AI Models. Licence and standing: Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0), All AI Models; figures are Epoch's, named as theirs. The licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
One row is one row per model that fills a training data centre or a training cloud vendor; 100 rows; unit: models. Built from: epoch/all-ai-models, collected 19 October 2026. Token Runner adapted this material: it was filtered, joined and added up; the source does not endorse Token Runner or this use.
Interlinked pieces that use these tables
